Therefore, it tends to gain an electron to create an ion with 17 protons, 17 neutrons, and 18 electrons, giving it a net negative (β1) charge. Again, it is more energy-efficient for chlorine to gain one electron than to lose seven. Chlorine (Cl) in its lowest energy state (called the ground state) has seven electrons in its outer shell. If sodium loses an electron, it now has 11 protons, 11 neutrons, and only 10 electrons, leaving it with an overall charge of +1. It takes less energy for sodium to donate that one electron than it does to accept seven more electrons to fill the outer shell. As Figure 1 illustrates, sodium (Na) only has one electron in its outer electron shell. This movement of electrons from one element to another is referred to as electron transfer. Anions are designated by their elemental name being altered to end in β-ideβ: the anion of chlorine is called chloride, and the anion of sulfur is called sulfide, for example. Negative ions are formed by gaining electrons and are called anions. Cations are positive ions that are formed by losing electrons. Because the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, each ion has a net charge. This fills their outermost electron shell and makes them energetically more stable. Some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron (or possibly two) and form ions. Describe the characteristics of ionic bonds and identify common ions.
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